Education In Colonial History Essay Example For Students

Instruction In Colonial History Essay Thomas Jefferson and Robert Coram both had various designs for instruction in frontier America. Jefferson was the most notable supporter for training while Coram was the least acclaimed devisor of instructive plans. Jefferson, as we as a whole know, composed the Declaration of Independence and later turned into the third President. Robert Coram was a youngster who worked for a Republican paper in Delaware. He put together the vast majority of his arrangement with respect to crafted by Noah Webster, who was a supporter of government funded schools. The goal of this exposition is to figure out which people plan is increasingly vote based. Before that can be set up, I figure a meaning of majority rules system ought to be expressed with the goal that it might be called upon later in this paper. As per the American Heritage Dictionary, majority rule government is expressed as the standard of social fairness and regard for the person inside a network . Thomas Jefferson had exceptionally essential thoughts for instruction in pioneer America. He felt that the law didn't require explicit subtleties, yet basically a fundamental framework. Jefferson felt that the school ought to be set up to instruct youngsters in perusing, composing, and math. Jefferson expressed that each region ought to be separated into hundreds, which were little regions of five or six square miles. In these hundreds, the initial three years of a childs instruction would be free as indicated by Jefferson. After the initial three years, it would be dependent upon the guardians to finance their childrens training, however they would at present have the option to go to class for whatever length of time that they needed. This appears to give a great law based arrangement of training. He forges ahead, expressing that specific understudies ought to get benefits. One case is that Jefferson feels that the sharpest youngster in the school, whose guardians can't bear the cos t of further instruction, ought to be sent forward to the language schools, with costs excused from the family. Likewise, proceeding with this free instruction, Jefferson accepts that twenty of the most astute understudies ought to proceed to get training from William and Mary College. Robert Coram had an alternate arrangement for training in the provinces. Coram felt that equivalent instruction ought to be scattered to everybody. He proceeds to express that instruction ought to be given to each class of residents, to each kid in the state with the support of the legislature. Coram proceeds to differ with Jefferson by expressing that something beyond perusing, composing, and number juggling ought to be told in the state funded schools. He recommended that expressions and sciences ought to likewise be instructed. Additionally, contradicted to just three years, Coram concurs with Noah Webster who feels that six years of training ought to be given to the two young men and young ladies . These two perspectives carry us to a definitive inquiry, which plan is increasingly popularity based? All things considered, this is the place we start to take a gander at what popular government implies. Prior, I introduced the meaning of majority rules system as a rule of social fairness. We realize that the two plans offer some feeling of vote based system, however one arrangement appears to offer more just principles than the other one. By and by, I felt that Coram offered progressively vote based standards, which is most likely far from being obviously true. As you see Jeffersons plan, it just offers three years of paid general training. Under his arrangement, further instructive open doors are accessible just for the individuals who can manage the cost of it. This isn't the situation, be that as it may, in Corams strategy. Coram felt that six years of fairly propelled instruction ought to be given to everybody, not simply the individuals who were of the most brilliant bore or o f riches. I don't believe that Jeffersons plan is non-popularity based, however just that Corams plan offers training with progressively social uniformity. .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postImageUrl , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:visited , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active { border:0!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0 c4512a5dba187 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet and his Games EssayThomas Jefferson was mainstream during this timespan. Jefferson was perceived as a national head who had thought of one of our countrys most valued reports, The Declaration of Independence. Robert Coram, be that as it may, was only a manager for a little Republican paper in Delaware. Because of these variables, Jeffersons plan was more broadly acknowledged than Corams plan. I despite everything feel that Corams plan was increasingly popularity based and I would have rather observed his arrangement did. As I said before, I am certain that my view is questionable in light of the fact that it relies upon how one perspectives the word majority rule government. I passed by the word reference to be as unprejudiced as could be expected under the circumstances while seeing the two arrangements of thoughts which, I feel, empowered me to offer a more grounded correlation. Coram offered a superior way to deal with advance training in a socially equivalent estate. Jefferson had a decent arrangement, however it did not have the popularity based goals that Corams plan plainly showed. American History

Los Procesos Químicos Del Cuerpo

Los Procesos Quã ­micos Del Cuerpo Casandra Hernã ¡ndez Introducciã ³n A travã ©s de este trabajo la investigadora realizã ³ una revisiã ³n de literatura relacionada a los procesos quã ­micos que ocurren en el cuerpo humano. Se comienza definiendo conceptos esenciales para comprender los procesos quã ­micos. Segã ºn Aguilar (2012) el cuerpo de los seres humanos es un sistema que estã ¡ compuesto por cã ©lulas las cuales forman los tejidos. Mediante las cã ©lulas el cuerpo humano lleva a cabo las funciones vitales para vivir. El cuerpo del ser humano tiene procesos que child bã ¡sicos y que producen subsistemas esenciales donde un grupo de à ³rganos coordinados realizan las funciones esenciales del ser humano. El cuerpo humano tiene once sistemas que agrupan los à ³rganos esenciales para que funcione el cuerpo adecuadamente. Sistemas del cuerpo humano Estos sistemas child los siguientes: El sistema strong que es el conjunto de mã ºsculos que tienen la responsabilidad de los cambios corporales, postura y locomociã ³n. El sistema à ³seo que es el conjunto de huesos que forman el esqueleto y protegen a los à ³rganos internos como el crã ¡neo y la columna vertebral. El sistema respiratorio que incluye a las fosas nasales, la faringe, la laringe y los pulmones que realizan el intercambio gaseoso. El sistema digestivo incluye la boca, el hã ­gado, el estã ³mago, los intestinos y otros à ³rganos. Se encarga de realizar la degradaciã ³n de los alimentos a nutrientes que luego asimila el cuerpo y utiliza en las actividades que realiza el organismo. El sistema excretor estã ¡ compuesto por los riã ±ones y sus conductos los cuales funcionan para extraer los desechos metabã ³licos, osmorregulaciã ³n y la homeostasis para mantener el equilibrio quã ­mico del cuerpo. El sistema circulatorio incluye el corazã ³n, vasos sanguã ­neos y cã ©lulas sanguã ­neas. El mismo sirve para llevar los alimentos y el oxã ­geno a las cã ©lulas. Ademã ¡s, recoge los desechos metabã ³licos que se elimina a travã ©s de los riã ±ones, en la orina y por el aire que se exhala por los pulmones. El sistema endocrino contiene las glã ¡ndulas productoras de hormonas que intervienen en la regulaciã ³n del crecimiento, metabolismo y los procesos de la reproducciã ³n. El sistema nervioso estã ¡ constituido por el cerebro, ganglios, nervios, à ³rganos de los sentidos para detectar, analizar los estã ­mulos y crear las respuestas apropiadas. El aparato reproductor estã ¡ compuesto por testã ­culos y ovarios para llevar a cabo el proceso de reproducciã ³n de los seres humanos. El sistema linfã ¡tico contiene los capilares circulatorios en los que se recoge y transporta el lã ­quido de los tejidos. Ademã ¡s, transporta por el torrente sanguã ­neo los lã ­pidos digeridos que vienen del intestino para eliminar y destruir las sustancias tã ³xicas. El mismo ayuda a que no se difundan las enfermedades a travã ©s del cuerpo. El sistema inmunolã ³gico estã ¡ constituido por diferentes à ³rganos que estã ¡n a travã ©s de los tejidos del cuerpo. Este sistema reconoce las estructuras y su head propã ³sito es preservar su identidad. Estã ¡ constituido por linfocitos y por anticuerpos. Se indica que el cuerpo humano es un mecanismo que se basa en los componentes quã ­micos para mantener un equilibrio en el mismo. El estado de equilibrio se le llama homeostasis. Cuando una o mã ¡s sustancias quã ­micas caen fuera de equilibrio por una disminuciã ³n o aumento de los niveles, provoca que los sistemas del cuerpo humano trabajen de forma menos eficiente. Estos desequilibrios quã ­micos pueden suceder por un sinnã ºmero de razones logrando afectar el cuerpo de diversas formas (Melton, s.f.). La serotonina Segã ºn Melton (s.f.) la serotonina es un neurotransmisor que estã ¡ en el cerebro. Cuando la serotonina se encuentra en niveles normales la persona tendrã ¡ una variedad de emociones y funcionarã ¡ eficientemente. Sin ban, cuando los niveles de serotonina comienzan a disminuir por los cambios quã ­micos del cuerpo es por interacciã ³n farmacolã ³gica o por una enfermedad, que puede lograr que la personalidad del individuo cambie como: llegar a la depresiã ³n y que aparezca el trastorno bipolar. De otra parte, cuando disminuyen los niveles de serotonina puede causar fatiga crã ³nica, trastornos del sueã ±o y cambios en el apetito. La insulina Tambiã ©n, Melton indica que la insulina es una hormona que la produce el pã ¡ncreas y permite que la glucosa entre en las cã ©lulas del cuerpo. Cuando la misma se encuentra en niveles normales, se produce insulina suficiente y à ©sta es usada por el cuerpo para que la glucosa ocean absorbida por las cã ©lulas del cuerpo para la obtenciã ³n de energã ­a. Cuando los niveles de insulina comienzan a disminuir, se puede llegar a padecer de diabetes. La diabetes tipo 1 flood cuando el sistema inmunolã ³gico del cuerpo humano se vuelve en contra y a su vez destruye las cã ©lulas del pã ¡ncreas las cuales producen insulina. La diabetes tipo 2 ocurre cuando se producen las cã ©lulas que child resistentes a la insulina. Esto ocurre cuando las cã ©lulas no permiten a la insulina abrir las vã ­as para que la glucosa penetre. El pã ¡ncreas produce una cantidad civic chairman de insulina cuando aumentan los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, pero las cã ©lulas no child receptivas y l os niveles de glucosa continã ºan en aumento. Desequilibrios hormonales pituitarios La glã ¡ndula pituitaria es una glã ¡ndula pequeã ±a que se encuentra en la base del cerebro. Esta glã ¡ndula produce hormonas que regulan la presiã ³n sanguã ­nea, el crecimiento y algunos aspectos del sistema reproductivo. En algunas ocasiones ocurre el hipopituitarismo por el resultado de la disminuciã ³n de los niveles de hormonas de la pituitaria. Cuando esto ocurre, puede causar trastornos en las funciones normales del cuerpo stories como la presiã ³n blood vessel y la frecuencia cardã ­aca (Melton, s.f.). Cuando existe exceso de producciã ³n de hormonas hipofisarias, provoca una enfermedad llamada acromegalia. La misma puede causar la producciã ³n anormal de la hormona del crecimiento. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza porque algunas à ¡reas del cuerpo se vuelven mã ¡s grandes y fuera de proporciã ³n con el resto del cuerpo. Es un tipo de crecimiento excesivo que se da en las manos, pies y cara. Este crecimiento anormal flood en la edad madura despuã ©s que el proceso de crecimiento se ha parado. Si en la adolescencia se presenta gran cantidad de la hormona del crecimiento, se puede producir gigantismo (Melton, s.f.). Desequilibrios metabã ³licos Segã ºn Botanical Online (2015) el metabolismo permite funcionar, crecer y desarrollarse y realizar todas las funciones del organismo. Los alimentos producen la energã ­a mediante los nutrientes. El metabolismo tiene dos fases: Anabolismo: Tiene la funciã ³n de crear nuevas cã ©lulas, mantener los tejidos del cuerpo y crear reservas. Este tipo de proceso se conoce como metabolismo constructivo, asã ­ se forman los tejidos, los mã ºsculos o los nervios. Cuando ocurre esta fase el cuerpo gasta energã ­a. Catabolismo: Tiene la funciã ³n de descomponer los tejidos corporales y las sustancias de reserva para producir energã ­a. Se utiliza para obtener la energã ­a que el cuerpo necesita. Permite los procesos anabã ³licos como generar calor para mantener la temperatura corporal adecuada o proporcionar energã ­a que permite dar fuerza a los mã ºsculos. El metabolismo del individuo se relaciona con el peso, el apetito y los niveles de energã ­a del cuerpo. Cuando la glã ¡ndula tiroides no estã ¡ activa puede causar enfermedades cardã ­acas, la fatiga y la obesidad. Cuando la tiroides produce demasiada hormona puede provocar que ocean difã ­cil que una persona mantenga su peso saludable. Los trastornos en las glã ¡ndulas suprarrenales pueden producir cortisol en cantidad excesiva y causar que una persona gane peso en el à ¡rea del midsection, esto se llama sã ­ndrome de Cushing. Tambiã ©n, ocurren otros trastornos que logran niveles de cortisol mã ¡s bajos que los normales. El cortisol ayuda a mantener la presiã ³n blood vessel, la glucosa en sangre y los niveles de energã ­a normales (Melton, s.f.). Principales procesos metabã ³licos Entre los principales proceso metabã ³licos se encuentran: la digestiã ³n, que mediante los alimentos permite los procesos de creaciã ³n de nuevos tejidos y el almacenamiento de las sustancias de reserva en forma de grasa corporal; la circulaciã ³n de la sangre, en los cuales los nutrientes child trasportados por la sangre hasta el hã ­gado y las cã ©lulas del hã ­gado metabolizan cada sustancia para producir energã ­a. La eliminaciã ³n de los productos de desecho mediante la defecaciã ³n se elimina los residuos de la digestiã ³n. La regulaciã ³n de la temperatura corporal es la energã ­a producida por el proceso catabã ³lico genera calor que mantiene la temperatura corporal. Tambiã ©n, existen otros mecanismos internos puede disminuir la temperatura corporal como el aumento del sudor o la dilataciã ³n de los vasos sanguã ­neos (Botanical Online, 2015). Desequilibrios del sistema reproductivo Segã ºn Melton (s.f.) los desequilibrios quã ­micos producidos en el sistema reproductivo pueden causar infertilidad y bajar el deseo sexual en ambos sexos. Cuando los niveles de estrã ³geno y testosterona estã ¡n bajos, afecta el rendimiento sexual y la fertilidad. Los altos niveles de testosterona en los hombres pueden provocar un exceso de masa strong. De otra parte, las mujeres con niveles altos de testosterona pueden experimentar calvicie de patrã ³n masculino y el crecimiento excesivo del pelo en la cara y el pecho. Otras mujeres pueden experimentar que su voz ocean mã ¡s grave y llegar a ser mã ¡s masculino. Sin ban, cuando los niveles de estrã?

How to Make Your Argumentative Essay Rock

How to Make Your Argumentative Essay Rock (3) Are you writing an argumentative essay for school and just don’t feel that it’s as good as it could be? This type of writing can be challenging, since it requires plenty of research, but it can also be quite rewarding. Argumentative writing tends to be balanced in that it acknowledges all sides of the issue. Rather than only discuss your own point of view, you will be conducting research on all views of the subject, then presenting them in a way that will allow the reader to make their decision. Choose a Topic It’s far easier to write on a topic that interests you and that you feel passionate about. Selecting a topic with strong opposing views can be a great way to get your grades up, provided you do a good job of proving your point. Great topics may include legal topics, moral topics and social topics, among others. Here are a few to get you started: Should businesses be permitted to advertise in schools? Should circumcision for infants be banned? Is the death penalty the best option for murderers? Should employers be permitted to refuse to hire pregnant women Should tobacco products be banned? Should firearms be restricted?Is abortion a legal right? These topics have very strong views on either side and it is up to you to select which one to represent first in your essay. While both (or more, if you find others) perspectives should be represented, one will feature more strongly as your preferred opinion. Hints for a Better Essay Still need some extra tricks to make sure your essay is amazing? Here are a few ways you can boost the value of your writing. Draft an Outline Before you get too far into creating your essay, you’ll want an essay to keep things nice and neat. It’s easy to ramble if you don’t have a specific direction to follow. As you do your research, write the information you find on sticky notes. Then arrange these into a simple outline that flows. Work without a solid outline at your own risk. Consider using an argumentative essay template to understand key elements of the essay. Include Quotes Using quotes from experts on the topic will appeal to logic and help the reader understand why your thesis statement hold true. You can find these online, from reputable sources, or you can actually talk to some experts to get the quotes. Be sure to cite these sources to demonstrate credibility and allow the reader to see where the quotes came from. It doesn’t matter if it is in MLA format (examples), APA format (examples), or another styleâ€"be sure to include citations. Look at Both Sides of the Issue   Balance is the key to argumentative writing. Ideally, you will present both the pros and cons of the various arguments, with a strong slant toward your preferred view. With the right research and arranging of facts, you should be able to present your perspective in a very persuasive way. While your essay should be written to encourage people to see things from your point of view, it should also present all sides of issue. This will come across as balanced and fair and you allow the reader to ultimately choose which option they prefer. Finally, if you’re ever facing writer’s block for your college paper, consider WriteWell Essay Templates  to help you get started.

Sex Workers and Violence Essay - 917 Words

It is self-evident that financial reasons for sex work are most prominent. Surprisingly near to 40% indicate that they like this kind of work. About one-third of the women are offering sex services for altruistic reasons, as they want to help. Thus, sex work obviously also serves very personal reasons; sex work can enhance self-esteem, allow the person to be their own master give a feeling of power (pg. 149). In a study performed by Koken (2012), the researcher approaches prostitution as a form of paid labor that women may choose to engage in under circumstances ranging from the luxurious to the destitute. Results from the study showed that women articulated feelings of pride about their work, their body, and their ability to use sex work†¦show more content†¦Because of this stigmatization from the police, community and law system, sex workers know they will receive no protection from the police and must therefore take their safety into their own hands. Either by accepting the risks and going out on the streets anyway, or by carrying a weapon, like mace or a knife, and possibly facing charges if the weapon were discovered by the police. In other parts of the world, where prostitution is legal, sex workers face less violence and therefore feel less fear about working in their industry. Apparently, â€Å"there is evidence that some systems of legalization provide a relatively safe working environment. Although no system is risk free, women working in legal brothels and window units in the Netherlands experience very little violence. Workers and managers have instituted elaborate procedures to respond to violent customers quickly and effectively, â€Å"in Nevada’s legal brothels, the risk of violence is very low† (ProCon.org, 2013) So, when prostitution is legalized, controlled and, more importantly, monitored, it becomes less of a risk for workers in that industry. Managers and sex workers themselves are able to develop security measures and systems, which allow them to receive help should aShow MoreRelatedBad Dates And Street Sex Trade1294 Words   |  6 Pagessecret that sex work is a growing industry, as it is essentially a commercial enterprise in our society. Many of the people who work in this business typically turn to prostitution for economic purposes as a result from poor education and poverty. Sex work is often linked to violence and victimization from clients and other perpetrators, but even so, it is not always true. The expectation that Bill C-36 will prevent harm to the susceptible portion of the population from acts of violence and exploitationRead MoreProstitution Is The World Oldest Profession1577 Words   |  7 Pagesoldest profession, and a major motive for becoming a prostitute tends to be economic. 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The people that are at higher risk of contracting HIV are drug users who share needles, and people whoRead MorePorn Is Great, Right? Hare1544 Words   |  7 Pagesconsider the actors themselves? Or the dancers and prostitutes that preform for their consumers? What do sex workers (or call girls) have to deal with when it comes to their job? Although there isn’t an exact number of â€Å"legal† call girls in the United States Balfour claims that there could be around 50,000 to 80,000 sex workers in the United Kingdoms (3 - 4). Yet women who get drawn into the path of sex working have to deal with women’s equa lity and safety. The explanation of this is for a few differentRead MoreThe Problem Of Sex Abuse Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pageswas a sex worker and a mother of one. A recent law enforcement crackdown targeting sex workers led Mariana to work alone that night, rather than as usual with other women, to avoid arrest. 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This is simply one of many cases of violence toward prostitutes. In this age where everyone feels that they are mistreated and discriminated against, prostitutes are one of the few groups that are truly mistreated. They are harassed simply because of their occupation, and this continues to happen due to the current legislation and attitude toward sex workers. Prostitution is often referred to as the oldest profession. However, sex workers are still struggling to receive recognition asRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1283 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution or commercial sex has always been a heavily debated topic around the world. The world’s oldest profession dating back to ca. 2400 BCE has been considered degrading for the dignity of a women and the feminist community. Critics claim that legalisation of prostitution can result in violence against women, human trafficking, exploitation etc. However, data collected from nations such as Germany and New Zealand, where the profession of commercialized sex is legalized, reports an utterlyRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Workers1052 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The term sex work gives a negative meaning by itself. Though being a part of the same society they are denied the right to vote and dignity. They are criticized and a considered a stigma and therefore are denied the fundamental right which they are guaranteed to all citizens of India, i.e. right to life, liberty and dignity. They are often the subject of abuse, violation and harassment. It is thought that the sex workers threatens the structure of the family life and are therefore mostRead MoreProstitution Is A Big Controversy Around The World1033 Words   |  5 Pagesright decisions for themselves and for their body. Many choose this career as a way to make a living because they choose its right to. Others on the other hand do not agree. The opposing side say that prostitution should not be legal due to so much violence and abuse that a prostitute goes through. Many do not choose the lifestyle to become a prostitute, and many are forced into this industry and are even abused. The main reason many people believe that prostitution should be legal, would be because

Resilience Health and Literature Review Page - 10409 Words

Resilience Theory: A Literature Review with special chapters on deployment resilience in military families resilience theory in social work by Adrian DuPlessis VanBreda October 2001 RESILIENCE THEORY: A LITERATURE REVIEW Author: Title: Date: Report No: Institution: Adrian DuPlessis VanBreda Resilience Theory: A Literature Review October 2001 MPI/R/104/12/1/4, dd October 2001 South African Military Health Service, Military Psychological Institute, Social Work Research Development City: E-mail: Address: Pretoria, South Africa Adrian@vanbreda.org Major A.D. Van Breda Military Psychological Institute Private Bag X02 Gezina 0031 South Africa Resilience Theory: A Literature Review Page i CHAPTER TWO: INDIVIDUAL RESILIENCE 2.1†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Being able to selectively disengage from the home and engage with those outside, and then to reengage. â€Å"Being internally oriented and having an internal locus of control. â€Å"The absence of serious illness during adolescence.† The capacity of an individual to cope during difficulty is central to their resilience. Pearlin and Schooler (1982, p. 109) define coping as â€Å"the thing that people do to avoid being harmed by lifestrain.† These authors conducted 2300 interviews in the urbanized Chicago area and through content analysis of these interviews identified three main types of coping that serve distinct functions, viz: â€Å"Responses that change the situation out of which strainful experience arises† (Pearlin Schooler, 1982, p. 115). Interestingly, their research found that this type of coping was not widely used. Several reasons are offered to explain this. Page 6 Resilience Theory: A Literature Review People must first recognize the situation which is causing the stress; something which is not always possible. directly. efforts. It is interesting to note that much of resilience theory and research has revolved around situations which are impervious to change efforts, such as being in a concentration camp, having a terminal illness, being in a war, growing up in poverty, etc. In such circumstances, little can be done to directly change the situation causing the stress. Rather, other forms of coping are required. â€Å"Responses thatShow MoreRelatedConcept Analysis: Resilience Essay2749 Words   |  11 PagesResilience: A Concept Analysis The concept resilience has been the interest of many disciplines over the years, and is utilized by all people at some point in their lives. 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Among Russell’s other credentials, he is an expert on LGBTQ youth with a concentration in their health and rights (personal communication, September 22, 2017). He presented at the University of Virginia Curry School of Education on his research pertaining to LGBTQ youth health and resilience on September 22, 2017. This talk was sponsored by Youth-Nex, which is a center at the Curry School of Education that works to promote effective youth developmentRead MoreHow Psychologists Are Addressing The Connection Between Green Outdoor Spaces And Student Behavior1892 Words   |  8 PagesThis literature review examines how psychologists are addressing the connection between green outdoor spaces and student behavior. Researchers from many different fields of psychology, clinical, developmental, behavioral, and ecological, have been looking into stress relief for decades, but have only recently in the early 1990s begun looking into the interaction between green outdoor space and its restorative effects on student stress, anxiety, attention and depression. We will review the growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Incarceration On Children3942 Words   |  16 Pagesand family structure uncertainty (Phillips, Erkanli, Keeler, Costello Angold, 2006). Children whose parents are incarcerated are more likely to be raised in homes by parents with low levels of educational achievements, substance abuse and mental health issues; factors which contribute to negative outcomes for children (Katz, 2011). Study indicates that one of the most current ways to improve problem conduct in at-risk youth is through one-on-one mentorship groups, Big Brothers, Big Sisters, foundRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Economic Growth Essay8671 Words   |  35 PagesObjectives of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 1.9 Research questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 1.10 Significance of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 2.0 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.. 16 2.1 Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 2.2 Empirical Literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 3.0 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 3.3 Model Specification †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesDissertation Social Work BA (HONS) Manchester Metropolitan University Tutor: Pauline Black CONTENTS Pages Abstract 3 Acknowledgements

“Tyronian” Tragedy Free Essays

In Eugene O’Neill’s agonizingly autobiographical play Long Day’s Journey into Night, readers are introduced a dismal family situation. Drugs, death, illness and failure lace each conversation, and regret flows almost as unreservedly as the alcohol. In such a tragedy, one would expect to have a clear idea of with whom the blame lies. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Tyronian† Tragedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this piece of drama, however, there is a distinct inability to do so. Eugene O’Neill persistently manipulates the emotional responses of the reader. This manipulation keeps partiality off balance and uncertain. O’Neill accomplishes this by allowing readers to sympathize with one family member. Once sympathy is established for one particular character, that character promptly says, or does, something that loses the reader’s alliance, along with the alliance of whichever character he or she is berating at that particular moment. This results in the reader’s inability to discern who, precisely, is culpable for the Tyrone family’s situation. The idea of assigning culpability in Long Day’s Journey Into Night is almost humourous. Even if one wanted to, it would be difficult to sort through years of built up anger, layer upon layer of repression, and huge amounts of guilt in each character; for each character is at fault for one thing or another, and, in addition, each character blames someone else for his or her problem. For example, Mary blames her husband and his tightfistedness for her addiction to morphine. Due to their mother being an addict, Jamie is unable to bring girls home, thus he visits prostitutes. Such behavior has influenced his younger brother Edmund, â€Å"making him old before his time† (35). Consequently, Jamie is at fault for Edmund’s poor health. In turn, his mother, for causing the addiction by being brought into the world, as well as worsening it with his own illness, blames Edmund. And so, the vicious circle continues. However, if one does not wish to inflict upon one’s distinguished teaching assistant a painfully long dissertation of each member’s contributions to the tragedy and the results thereof, one ought to maintain, for argument’s sake, that the majority of the culpability lies with James Tyrone, for his behaviour in regards to money, alcohol, and his own status as a failed actor. James’s father had left the family when James was only ten years of age. This left James as the man of the family, working twelve hours each day to help provide for his mother and three sisters. As James explains, â€Å"It was in those days I learned to be a miser†(151). He feels proud of his savings, and announces to his family in regards to buying something: â€Å"I got them dead cheap†(15). His own early recognition of the importance of money explains his continual contempt for his own children’s lack of concern when it comes to working: â€Å"What do you know of the value of a dollar? (150). He accuses Jamie of being lazy and having no ambition. Not only does James Tyrone wish his sons understood the value of money, but since they do not, he is forced to be miserly enough for the whole family. Consequently, the family resents his overly economic ways. There are many attacks throughout the play on James Tyrone for this, the first one being Jamie accusing him of not sending Edmund to a real doctor for his illness when he first got sick. Jamie says, â€Å"Hardy only charges a dollar. That’s what makes you think he’s a fine doctor! â€Å"(31). Later, another dialogue gives an even worse view of the situation; Tyrone sending Edmund to a cheap sanatorium, but spending money on real estate: JAMIE: Well, for God’s sake, pick out a good place and not some cheap dump! TYRONE: (Stung) I’ll send him wherever Hardy thinks best! JAMIE: Well, don’t give Hardy your old over-the-hills-to-the-poorhouse song about taxes and mortgages. TYRONE: I’m no millionaire who can throw money away! Why shouldn’t I tell Hardy the truth? JAMIE: Because he’ll think you want him to pick a cheap dump, and because he’ll now it isn’t the truth i especially if he hears afterwards you’ve seen McGuire and let that flannel-mouth, gold-brick merchant sting you with another piece of bum property! (82) Later realizing the anger this statement comes from, James Tyrone offers Edmund â€Å"any place you like! Never mind what it costs! Any place I can afford. Any place you like†. Sadly, there follows the stipulation Tyrone cannot seem to shake off: â€Å"Within reason. â€Å"(151). Cheap medical care seems to be Tyrone’s weakness. As Mary Tyrone makes clear, his tightfisted ways result, though inadvertently, in her downfall as well, due to a doctor giving her morphine as an easy fix. â€Å"But bearing Edmund was the last straw. I was so sick afterwards, and that ignorant quack of a cheap hotel doctor-All he knew was I was in pain. It was easy for him to stop the pain. â€Å"(90) Tyrone is also to blame for his wife’s general unhappiness, not just her addiction to morphine. Mary says to Edmund that she has never been happy in the house, because â€Å"Everything was done in the cheapest way. Your father would never spend the money to make it right. (45). The subsequent scene has Mary come downstairs (60), in a detached sort of manner. She complains bitterly to Edmund about Tyrone’s inability to make a real home. He is too stingy to build a real home, with good servants, and so she has suffered all her life. When Tyrone himself comes in, she says in continuation of her previous statements † I’m sick and tired of pretending this is a home! You won’t help me! â€Å"(69). She goes on to say that had he remained a bachelor â€Å"Then nothing would have happened. † This indicates strongly that she blames him too. Tyrone condemns Mary for her addiction, yet feels no guilt or responsibility for it, taking away any amount of forgiveness readers may have parted with in Tyrone’s favour. The amusing part of this however, is while he condemns his wife for substance abuse, the same thing is his own major vice. Mary tells her husband: † I would never have married you if I’d known you drank so much† (115). She also launches into a story about their honeymoon, when Tyrone was dragged home intoxicated. It appears that in a fashion similar to that of their father, Jamie and Edmund seem quite partial to alcohol. In fact, the entire family seems unable to confront reality without chemical assistance. Mary’s words indicate that drinking all day is a common Tyrone family activity: â€Å"I know what to expect. You will be drunk tonight. Well, it won’t be the first time, will it i or the thousandth? † (72). The Tyrone men validate their drinking habits with folk wisdom about whiskey’s alleged health benefits: â€Å"It’s before a meal and I’ve always found that good whiskey, taken in moderation as an appetizer, is the best of tonics† (68). Alcohol has contributed to Jamie’s failures. It has hurt Edmund’s health. And it becomes a source of conflict between Jamie and Tyrone, as Jamie consistently steals his father’s whiskey, replacing the amount taken with water, so his father won’t take notice. Regrettably, the alcohol solves no problems, and problems get more intricate as the tongues loosen from the booze. The three men share a drink, but none of the social magic of alcohol seems to work. Tyrone, Edmund and Jamie remain as miserable as ever. The last, most driving element of James Tyrone’s guilt is his status as a failed actor. In act four of the play, James Tyrone relates something to his youngest son that he has never told anyone before. He explains that since his father left the family when he was ten, he grew up to be miserly. Thus he was quick to give up artistic fulfillment in exchange for financial security, ruining his career as † one of the three or four young actors with the greatest artistic promise in America†(153). James Tyrone now muses that he doesn’t even know what it was he had wanted to buy. It appears that James has never forgiven himself for this, and therefore inflicts it on his family and neighbours. Mary says in regards to the neighbours: â€Å"they bowed to your father and he bowed back as if he were taking a curtain call†(44). Jamie relates that Tyrone puts on an act for everybody (57). Tyrone begins to quote a play almost as tragic as his own family life, but his son, obviously well versed in his father’s repertoire of chastisements from King Lear, finishes the sentence before his father can continue, with † ‘to have a thankless child’. I know†(92). His sons also immediately think in terms of tragedy when referring to their father, quoting Othello in reference to James’s snoring: † ‘The Moor, I know his trumpet'†(21). It appears that Tyrone turns his own life into a tragedy, like the ones he once portrayed so well upon the stage, switching affections and emotions like he would have to between scenes, although his family isn’t as accepting of this as Edwin Booth and the critics obviously were. But why bother to deal with the question of fault? After all, the characters themselves claim not to care about it, such as in act two, scene two, when James Tyrone tries to blame Edmund’s consumptive state on Mary’s side of the family. Jamie cries out against blame: â€Å"Who gives a damn about that part of it! â€Å" How to cite â€Å"Tyronian† Tragedy, Papers

Diego Riviera Man at the Crossroads Essay Example For Students

Diego Riviera Man at the Crossroads Essay Hombre Controlled el Universe (The Man Controller of the universe) This painting by Diego Riviera was started in 1933 for the Rockefeller Center in New York. He was asked to paint a mural on the second floor in the Palace of Fine Arts. John Rockefeller Wanted this painting to get people to stop and think. Riviera included a portrait of Vladimir Lennox in the mural which upset Rockefeller. He asked Diego to remove the picture Of Lennox and add one Of Abraham Lincoln. Diego refused to do so. When he had completed the mural, it remained draped. Diego was fully still paid for the mural even though it wasnt on display. It was stored in 1934 just a few weeks after it was completed. People were angry and protested but it was no use. In this mural the man in the middle who is using some kind of controlling device, splits the mural into two different worlds. The message behind this mural was Riviera trying to portray his anti-capitalistic ideas on the left and show and ideal vision of socialists on the right. In the wing type things coming from behind the controller, on the capitalistic side it shows diseased cells and on the socialistic side it shows healthy natural cells. There are also statues in the picture, one show the fall of fascism and one shows religion. This mural is not only an artistic mater piece, but a political one too. Riviera clearly states his thoughts and opinions on politics. He is with the socialist party because he is from Cuba. I thought this was mural was well done and should not have been destroyed, but instead put in a different museum so it could be displayed to people who enjoy it. Luckily someone took pictures of it before workmen destroyed it with axes so Diego Riviera could duplicate it. The second version was smaller and was placed in a museum in Mexico. Personally like the painting because of its unique elements and the fact that he isnt afraid to show his opinions.

7 Things You Should Never Wear on a Job Interview

7 Things You Should Never Wear on a Job Interview Unless you’re applying for a position at Vogue, your ensemble should be a low-stress decision. If you stick to some evergreen rules about what to do (and what not to do), you’ll ensure that you look sharp, without your clothes taking any of the thunder away from your sparkling resume and skills. Here are seven things not to wear on interview day.1. Clothes that don’t fit.If you’re swimming in your power suit, it can make you look a little like a kid playing dress-up. If your outfit is several sizes too small, it can distract from the discussion at hand- and maybe even emphasize some, uh, attributes that really shouldn’t be on the table in a professional job interview. Make sure your clothes fit you as you are. If you can’t afford a new interview outfit, don’t stress- there are relatively inexpensive tailoring options that can make your lucky blazer fit again, or hem those pants so that you’re not tripping over the ends.2. Clothe s that are super-casual.Even if you know ahead of time that the company where you’re interviewing is super cazh, you should still err on the side of formality for your interview outfit. Never wear flip-flops, a hat, jeans, a t-shirt, or anything with an obvious brand written on it. You’ll have plenty of time to wear your casual gear later if the office dress code is laid-back. As for the brands, the only brand you want to be shilling for is you.3. Inappropriate clothing.If it’s low-cut, just say no. If it’s close to that line, find another shirt. You don’t want to spend the interview worrying that if you shift just a little, your neckline might slip down into â€Å"too much skin† territory. The same goes for clothes that are too tight- you want to keep the attention on your resume, not on your risquà ©.4. Clothes that show off your tattoos.For many people, tattoos are in a private (or at least covered by clothing) spot, and it’s a no n-issue. However, if you have one in an area like your lower arm or leg, cover it for the interview. You never know if you’ll be meeting with someone who’s on the conservative side, or sees it as enough to affect their view of you. This doesn’t mean you should necessarily be ashamed of your sweet â€Å"MOM† ink†¦but an interview just isn’t the right showcase. Again, it shifts focus and discussion away from the professional and into the personal.5. Too many accessories.Do you really need that scarf and patterned headband and all of the bracelets in your jewelry box? Short answer: no. Accessories are a great way to show a bit of personality and style sense, but try to limit it to one or two pieces that flow quietly with your outfit.6. High-volume colors.The best overall color palette for your interview outfit(s) is dark and/or neutral. You can still use accent colors, but again- you don’t want your clothes doing the talking for you. The b right plaid tie may be the â€Å"in† color in Esquire this month for its ironic kitsch, but go with the understated version for your interview.7. Clothes that are dirty or ripped.Above all, you should look neat for your interview. If possible, get your clothes dry-cleaned before interview day. But even if you’re doing it at home, make sure you give everything a once-over for stains, little rips, or other imperfections that could ding your composed image while you’re interviewing.Dressing for success doesn’t necessarily require a ton of money- just care and attention that let your best self show through.

Ostrich Egg Shells

Ostrich Egg Shells The broken pieces of ostrich egg shells (often abbreviated OES in the literature) are commonly found on Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites throughout the world: at the time ostriches were much more widespread than they are today, and indeed were one of several megafaunal species which experienced mass extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Ostrich egg shells offered protein, a palette for artwork, and a way to carry water to our ancestors over the past 100,000 years, and as such, they are well worth considering a raw material of interest. The Qualities of an Unbroken Egg The ovate eggshell of an ostrich averages 15 centimeters long (6 inches) and 13 cm (5 in) wide; with its contents intact an egg weighs up to 1.4 kg (3 pounds), with an average volume of 1 liter (~1 quart). The shell itself weighs about 260 grams (9 ounces). Ostrich eggs contain about 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of egg protein, equivalent to 24-28 chicken eggs. An ostrich hen lays between 1-2 eggs each week during the breeding season (April to September), and in the wild, hens produce eggs for some 30 years during their lives. Ostrich eggshell is composed of 96% crystalline calcite and 4% organic material, mostly proteins. The thickness (averaging 2 millimeters or .07 in) is made up of three different layers that vary in structure and thickness. The hardness of the shell is 3 on the Mohs scale. Since its organic, OES can be radiocarbon dated (typically using AMS techniques): the only problem is that some cultures used fossil eggshell, so you have to have additional data to back up your dates, always a good idea anyway. Ostrich Egg Shell Flasks Historically, ostrich egg shells are known to have been used by African hunter-gatherers as a light-weight and strong flask or canteen to store and transport various fluids, usually water. To make the flask, hunter-gatherers puncture a hole in the top of the egg, either by drilling, punching, grinding, cutting or hammering, or a combination of techniques. Thats been difficult to identify in archaeological sites, which typically include only a few eggshell sherds. Intentional perforations could be considered a proxy for the use of eggshell as a container, and based on the perforation, an argument has been made for flask use in southern Africa at least 60,000 years ago. Thats tricky: after all, you have to open an egg to eat whats inside anyway. However, decoration on eggshells has recently been identified which supports the use of flasks in Howiesons Poort contexts in South Africa at least as long ago as 85,000 years (Texier et al. 2010, 2013). Refits of the decorated OES fragments indicate that the patterns were placed on the shell before the shell was broken, and, according to these papers, decorated fragments are only found in context with evidence for purposefully cut openings. Flask Decorations The decorated fragments research is from the Middle and Later Stone Age Diepkloof Rockshelter in South Africa, from which has been recovered over 400 pieces of engraved ostrich eggshell (out of a total of 19,000 eggshell fragments). These fragments were deposited throughout the Howiesons Poort phase, especially between Intermediate and Late HP periods, 52,000-85,000 years ago. Texier and colleagues suggest that these markings were intended to indicate ownership or perhaps a marker of what was contained in the flask. The decorations identified by the scholars are patterns of abstract parallel lines, dots, and hash marks. Texier et al. identified at least five motifs, two of which spanned the entire length of the HP period, with the earliest decorated eggshell fragments from 90,000-100,000 years ago. OES Beads The bead-making process was recently documented archaeologically at the Geelbek Dunes site in South Africa, dated between 550-380 BC (see Kandel and Conard). The bead-making process at Geelbek began when an OES breaks, purposefully or accidentally. Large fragments were processed into preforms or blanks or made directly into discs or pendants. Processing the blanks into beads involves the initial drilling of angular blanks followed by rounding, or vice versa (although Texier et al. 2013 argue that the rounding process almost always follows the perforation). Mediterranean Bronze Age During the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean, ostriches became quite the rage, with several occurrences of elaborately decorated eggshells or eggshell effigies. This came at the same time as state-level societies in the fertile crescent and elsewhere began keeping lush gardens, and some of them included imported animals including ostriches. See Brysbaert for an interesting discussion. Some Ostrich Egg Shell Sites Africa Diepkloof rockshelter (South Africa), decorated OES, possible flasks, Howiesons Poort, 85–52,000 BPMumba rockshelter (Tanzania), OES beads, engraved OES, Middle Stone Age, 49,000 BP,Border Cave (South Africa), OES beads, Howiesons Poort, 42,000 bpJarigole Pillars (Kenya), OES beads, 4868-4825 cal BPGeelbek Dune Field (South Africa), shell bead processing area, Later Stone Age Asia Ikhe-Barkhel-Tologi (Mongolia), OES, 41,700 RCYBP (Kurochkin et al)Angarkhai (Transbaikal), OES, 41,700 RCYBPShuidonggou (China), OES beads, Paleolithic, 30,000 BPBaga Gazaryn Chuluu (Mongolia), OES, 14,300 BPChikhen Agui (Mongolia), OES, terminal Paleolithic, 13,061 cal BP Bronze Age Mediterranean Nagada (Egypt), OES, predynasticHierankopolis (Egypt), engraved OES, 3500 BCUr royal tombs, 2550-2400 BC, gold ostrich egg effigy, and painted OESPalaikastro (Crete), OES, Early Minoan Bronze Age IIB-III, 2550-2300 BCKnossos (Crete), OES, Middle Minoan IB, and IIIA, 1900-1700 BCTiryns (Greece), OES, Late Horizon IIB Sources Aseyev IV. 2008. Horseman image on an ostrich eggshell fragment. Archaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology of Eurasia 34(2):96-99. doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2008.07.009Brysbaert A. 2013. The Chicken or the Egg? Interregional Contacts Viewed Through a Technological Lens at Late Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32(3):233-256. doi: 10.1111/ojoa.12013dErrico F, Backwell L, Villa P, Degano I, Lucejko JJ, Bamford MK, Higham TFG, Colombini MP, and Beaumont PB. 2012. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(33):13214-13219. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204213109Henshilwood C. 2012. Late Pleistocene Techno-traditions in Southern Africa: A Review of the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, c. 75–59Â  ka. Journal of World Prehistory 25(3-4):205-237. doi: 10.1007/s10963-012-9060-3Kandel AW, and Conard NJ. 2005. Production sequences of ostrich eggshell beads and settlement d ynamics in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(12):1711-1721. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.010 Orton J. 2008. Later Stone Age ostrich eggshell bead manufacture in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(7):1765-1775. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.014Texier P-J, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud J-P, Poggenpoel C, Miller C, Tribolo C, Cartwright C, Coudenneau A, Klein R et al. . 2010. A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(14):6180-6185. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913047107Texier P-J, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud J-P, Poggenpoel C, and Tribolo C. 2013. The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(9):3412-3431. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.021

Internal Control System. The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) Essay

Internal Control System. The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) - Essay Example I believe that one of the most important aspects of a control system is the risk assessment. If a company does not assess a particular risk adequately the firm will not establish adequate internal controls because the problem was never identified. Risk assessment serves as a preventive measure that can be used to create an adequate plan of attack to deal with a problem. In the famous Enron scandal the lack an internal control system allowed Fay, Skilling, and Fastow to collude and steal millions of dollars. 2. When an internal control mechanism is evaluated in phases the accountants can better segment the problematic areas of the system. If for instance deficiencies are found in the monitoring phase; the company can inject money and resources to attempt to fix the problem. It is easier to perform micro evaluations than to evaluate a system as a whole. Clearly identifiable phases create added reliability in the system. Looking at the end results of the accounting cycle or at the finan cial statements is not the best way to detect fraud. About 10 years ago the Enron Corporation got away with accounting murder when they inflated their earnings by one billion in 2000 when in reality the firm did not have any profits. A good internal control system could have prevented this scandal from ever occurring. I agree with you that some companies do not have well defined activities. One of the reasons that this occurs is due to budgetary constraints. Implementing control mechanisms is quite expensive. It is estimated that Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act costs between $1 to 3 million to implement yearly. I think that despite the fact that internal control mechanism can be expensive sometimes it is better to assume the expenses than to pay the consequences. Employee theft can be prevented by placing cameras in the warehouse where inventory is kept. Another technological innovation that can be used to protect inventory is the use of RFID tags. RFID tags allow a company to track the movement of merchandise. These systems are the long term solution to substitute the current scanner system used at the majority of retail stores. 4. I agree with you that the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) requires that companies implement all the components of an internal control mechanism. The Sarbanes Oxley Act goes a step further in its requirement of internal controls. All public companies must include within the annual report a section dedicated to reporting the internal controls of the firm. I think that SOX was a tremendous idea, despite the high implementation costs. Nobody wants to go back to a business environment in which record bankruptcies were occurring largely due to accounting misbehavior. 5. I tend to agree with you that the five components of internal control are universal. As you mentioned the environment is key to the effectiveness of an internal control. As you mentioned in your response the environment of a company is largely controlled by the managerial staff. Companies that are corrupt often have leaders that allow that type of unethical behavior. I have heard of companies that have been turn into unethical companies because they let external factors such as foreign cultures cloud their judgment. If for a company it is unethical to accept a bribe in the United States, the rules should not change just because you are doing business in China. 6. I think that the lack of any of the five components automatically makes a system weaker from the perspective of how good the system could be. Just because one component of the internal control is missing does not mean that that system is weaker than another company’s system that includes all five components. For instance a company may not have a necessity to monitor due to the fact that the firm has few

Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project 3 - Essay Example Samples are subjects chosen from a specified population for investigation purposes in statistics. A random sample has also been defined as the sample in which every component of the whole population has an equal opportunity of being selected (Black 220). Babbie describes the process of random sampling as the basic sampling method assumed in nearly all statistical computations (211). The process and steps that will be taken to collect data in such a way to actually take a random sample include: 1. Establishing a sampling framework drawn from the population. This framework is used to represents the population and findings from it will be used as an assumption of what actually takes place in the whole population. 2. Numbering the members of the population, for example if we want a random sample of three hundred people from a population of eleven thousand, we number the people from one to nine hundred and eighty. After the numbering our task shall be to select a simple random sample of 300 people out of the population totaling 11,000, A survey was undertaken to determine the attitude of undergraduate ISU students towards cheating. This section provides the summarized data and analysis. From the survey conducted seventy one out of the ninety-seven students would major if offered through the college of business. This represents 73.2% of the student population out of 26.8% who would not major if offered through the college of business. Out of the students interviewed thirty three were female and sixty four were male. This represented a ratio of 34.02% to 65.98% of female to male students. Out of this population, fifty-three students representing 55.79% admitted that they had taken at least one distance education course. The other 44.21% admitted that they had not. The analysis for questions five to seventeen is provided in the table below: From the table

Classifications Of Business To Consumer Information Technology Essay

Classifications Of Business To Consumer Information Technology Essay Emergence of internet over the past few years has changed the trends of business world at exponential rate. Now world has become a Global Village which means what used to be a single physical market place located in one geographical area has now become a border-less marketplace, attracting customers and businesses from all over the world. It provides businesses with many advantages for instance setting up an online business is less costly since it doesnt require physical infrastructure for a shop, a business can operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year, these long working hours helps businesses generating more profits. It also offers businesses to try new product lines and marketing strategies in cost effective way. The biggest advantage of online business is that even small businesses can compete with international corporations since consumers cannot figure out the actual size of firm. E-commerce can be defined in different ways: E-commerce refers to various online commercial activities focusing on commodity exchanges by electronic means, internet in particular. Zheng Qin (2009) , Introduction to e commerce, Page 7 E-COMMERCE refers to the paperless exchange of business information using electronic data interchange, electronic mail, electronic bulletin boards, electronic funds transfer, world wide web, and other network-based technologies. E-COMMERCE, The Cutting Edge of Business , Second Edition (2005) by Kamlesh K Bajaj and Debjani Nag E-COMMERCE is the use of telecommunications and computers to facilitate the trade of goods and services E-commerce by S. Pankaj (2005) page 3 Types of E-commerce There are Four Main Types Of E-commerce Model: 1) Business to Business (B2B) B2B can be define as commerce transactions between businesses, such as transactions between a wholesaler and retailer. 2) Business to Consumer (B2C) As discussed in class lecture, B2C refers to a commerce transaction between business and individual rather then a company or Businesses selling to the general public for example Dell computer which sells directly to general public through website. 3) Consumer to Business( C2B) C2B is a reverse form of business to consumer, in C2B the commerce transaction take place between consumer and business, for instance Elance.com, which allow individuals to place their requirements on a website within hours companies review the project and make bids on a project then consumer review the bids and select the company with most suitable bid. 4) Consumer to Consumer (C2C) C2C is simply a commerce transaction between consumer to consumer, manay auctions webistes allow consumers to interact with other consumers to buy and sell all sort of items for example Ebay.com, Amazon.com. Above mentioned types of E-commerce clearly shows that electronic commerce is becoming the back bone of transactions at every level for both businesses and consumers. The impact of this emerging trend has changed the fundamentals of supply chain management by redefining the way in which consumers select, purchase and use products and services. E-commerce has also provided companies with opportunity to work more closer to customers what we call consumers intimacy which allow companies to shape their innovation process with changing demand of consumers. Classifications of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce: As described by Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker(2010) With the business to consumer model, businesses sell goods or services to individual consumers. The B2C model was one of the first major types of e-commerce business models to be defined and implemented using the Web. Some example of B2C businesses include Amazon.com, Walmart.com, Overstock.com, and BestBuy.com. There are two main types of B2C E-Commerce: 1) Direct Sellers Direct Sellers are those companies which provide products or services directly to consumers. The important factors that contribute towards the success of B2C e-commerce are Direct Selling experience and consumers database. There is a limit to amount of information that can be communicated through catalogs but internet offers a powerful medium by which direct sellers can provide consumers with thousands of products with detailed description and high-quality visuals. Example: Dell Computers 2) Online Intermediaries Online intermediaries are companies that facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers and receive a percentage of the transactions value. For examples Internet Service Providers( ISP). Supply Chain Management An electronic alternative to the traditional paper chain, providing companies with a smarter, faster, more efficient way to get the right product to the right customer at the right time and price. Combines the power of the Internet with the latest technology, enabling participating suppliers to access up-to-date company information and enabling companies to better manage and track supply and demand http://www.geemultimedia.com.au/glossary.asp IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON AIRLINE INDUSTRY: The blessings of Internet have been observed the most by Airline Industry and as a result of it Airline ticket sales now comprise of the largest portion of all product sales made online. This is because e-ticketing is beneficial for both the airlines as well as the travelers. Traditionally the only options available to a passenger were either to buy tickets from a travel agency or from airport. But now with the advent of Internet, airlines have used tool like e-distribution system. An airlines costs can be divided into following two parts: Direct Operating Costs- which includes aircraft, its fuel and salaries of the staff Indirect Operating Costs- which is the distribution cost. The direct operating cost will remain more or less fixed while there is room for saving on indirect cost. This is where e-commerce can play an important role by integrating all business units and efficiently managing logistics. The major components of indirect cost for airline industry includes Sales office, Reservation system ,Travel agent fees,Ticketing fees Promotion and advertisements. Previously, airlines payed commissions to travel agents for selling their tickets, in addition money was also spent on setting up of sales office and staff salaries. Extra capital was used for printing and issuing of tickets. To cut down the operating cost airlines had to turn to e-ticketing to limit their sales offices and reduce their dependency on sales agents. Every airline has now setup their own website offering online booking facility. This also allow Airlines to promote different marketing strategies through web site which gives them more chance to attract new customers. Through the use of e-commerce and development of websites airlines has integrated all the parties involve in a business process for instance tourism business industry can link up with airline website using the integrated information system so that they can get the real time data through share database about the customers booking for their hotel along with the airline tickets. Online sells has also extended the business hours for airlines since customers can do online bookings round the clock and thus throughout the year. While passengers have the luxury of scheduling their own flight in a matter of few clicks saving both time and money. Conclusion: E-commerce has revolutionized the business models. Trading online enables businesses to reach much wider audience while cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods. It also provide businesses with long working hours and minimum human capital. E-commerce allows businesses to better understand and meet the demands of customers, working more closely with them by managing databases, resulting in better supply chain management activities and efficient logistics. E-commerce has also changed the way customers learn , select, purchase and use products and services, providing them with more personalized experience ever and by cutting the middle man out businesses have provide consumers with fast processing and close interaction with company.

Analysis of “Seeing” by Annie Dillard

Max 11/5/12 Eng. 101 9:30-11:00 â€Å"Seeing† by Annie Dillard: 1) According to Dillard, lovers and the knowledgeable can see well. Yet she also suggests that those who are knowledgeable on a topic, such as people who have been blind from birth and can suddenly see (due to an opperation), can perhaps view more objectively the world around them, and see it in a way that those with vision from birth cannot.Infants, she says, can see very clearly, for they are viewing the world for the first time, and can observe the colors and the light with no prejudgments, but we forget this experience as we grow older, and only occasionally catch glimpses of this phenomenon. 2) Lovers can see well, because their vision transcends the obvious, if they love a lake, they do not merely see a lake, but also see what the lake represents for them, they see meaning.The knowledgeable can see because as small children we are constantly learning, but those who are knowledgeable continue to learn through out their lives, which enables them to keep discovering new ways to view the world and allows them to keep an open mind and open eye. Those who know little can see, but only if they are open to knowledge, even if that knowledge is self taught, they just must be open to experience and to wonder. ) Seeing contributes to happiness because when we allow ourselves to see, we allow ourselves to open our minds and our hearts, and to see the wonder in the world, which we often close ourselves off to as we grow older. Perhaps when we begin to learn of all the sufferings of reality, we close ourselves off to seeing, because we don't want to know, but if we do not allow ourselves to see and feel suffering, we shut the door to the joys and wonders of this world as well. ) The part of Dillard's essay which struck me the most was her retelling of the experiences of those who had been blinded from birth and were then granted sight, and how they did not have a sense of visual space or distance. It made me realize how my perception of the world is a combination of all my senses, and I can't really distinguish them. If I see an apple, I don't only see it, but I imagine how it feels, tastes, smells, sounds as I bight into it. It is hard to separate each of those from each other, but the sound of n apple being bitten into without the knowledge of it being an apple or knowing what it tastes or smells like, is a novel idea. To think of it separately is difficult, but if you can isolate it, it is truly fascinating, exciting even, for it is like a whole new experience. 5) When Dillard uses the term seeing, she means seeing something beyond the obvious. When looking at a tree, not seeing just a tree, but seeing it as if you were seeing it for the first time, and seeing it for all that it entails. ) A person may â€Å"see† not with the eyes, if they were to feel something deep within themselves that could not be attributed to any of the senses. Seeing in this case means to under stand what the view means to the individual. 7) See is most closely a synonym with understand and appreciate. What Dillard means is to appreciate, for often we go through life not â€Å"seeing† because we are ungrateful. However, one cannot truly appreciate unless they understand. One can look at the stars and not know what they are and still see them and understand.What I mean by understand, is not to be able to scientifically explain, but to wonder about and to be able to understand what it means to the the individual. Death of a Moth- Annie Dillard 8) The indefinite article article â€Å"a† in Dillard's title suggests that when she speaks about the vulnerabilities and fragilities of one moth, she speaks for the whole species. She observed â€Å"a† moth burn in the candle, but it could have been any moth, for they all are vulnerable to fire. Humans as well, are all connected in this way, when one person dies, we are reminded of our own vulnerability and our ow n lack of power in the face of death. ) In Dillard's essay the moth dies by flying into the flame of the candle while Dillard is camping. 10) I think the moth is significant to Dillard because it reminds her of her own vulnerability. Death is one thing which connects all life forms, irronic, but true. When she speaks of â€Å"a† moth, she speaks of all moths, and not only all moths, but all life forms, including herself. The moth stands out to her as well because the moth essentially surrenders it's life in order to allow her to read through the night, not knowingly or on purpose, but Dillard benefits from the death of this moth.This is sort of an example of the circle of life, for though one life form dies, another is able to flourish, this is of course on a small scale, but the concept is the same. 11) Dillard retreats to the hills because she is going through writer's block and is trying to re-motivate herself to write. She brings with her The Day on Fire by James Ullman, a book which she read as a young person which inspired her to write. 12) In â€Å"Death of a Moth†, Dillard seems to be unsure what she wants to write about.She begins by talking about herself living alone in an apartment, then diverges to discuss her trip to the hills to try to get motivated to write again and about watching a moth die in her candle flame, and then in the last paragraph she goes back to talking about living alone. The middle of her essay about her retreat to the hills by herself seems to be about her feelings of loneliness as well though. Even the moth dying is a representation of her solitude, for the moth dies alone. Dillard enjoys being alone, as she clearly states, which I have no doubt is true, but she also seems to want to want company.I find this very relateable, I enjoy my solitude very much, but sometimes I wish that I could be happy and comfortable living with another person, but I feel I cannot be myself unless I am alone. The only time Dillard wi shes to not live alone, is when something is funny, because it is much easier to share joyous times with others than to share ones pain. I would prefer to die alone because then I would not have to worry about how those around me felt, and I would be able to allow myself to feel however I felt, and if I did feel pain when I died, I would want to be able to feel that, and people around me might hinder my ability to do that.I think this is what Dillard may have felt watching the moth die, she pities the moth for dying alone, but the moth goes out majestically and for this reason Dillard envies her. Dillard wishes her death to be real, majestic, and she fears living her life with other people will ruin her death. It is a sad reality to live your life in fear of death, but even more tragic to live your life in preperation for a perfect death.

Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay

This is a quantitative research review on a survey conducted in 2008 in the northern state of Chiang Rai, Thailand. The survey investigates the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, self-care schemes, and health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) in people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLWHA ) in the northern part of the said state. Four hundred 22 topics were selected to take part in the research and from them informations were collected with the usage of four different questionnaires. The consequences revealed that symptom experience had a important negative direct consequence on the HRQOL as opposed to age, societal support, antiretroviral intervention and self-care schemes which had important positive consequence on the HRQOL. Furthermore, it was seen that societal support and antiretroviral intervention had an indirect consequence on the HRQOL through self-care schemes. With these findings, it was recommended that public ity of societal support and attachment to antiretroviral intervention must be achieved to heighten the quality of life of people populating with HIV/ AIDS. The rubric is dryly stated which included a minimum figure of words but still adequately describes the contents of the paper ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . It is concise yet does non compromise its relevancy and does non sound uninteresting. It is briefly put together but still is moderately extended to explicate the research without overpowering readers with excessively much information. Furthermore, the rubric is formulated in a strong and simple mode which is really of import in guaranting readers will non be distracted or confused. The rubric presents the topic of the research which is the health-related quality of life in people populating with HIV/ AIDS in the northern part of Thailand. The research workers of this survey are Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, Jintana Yunibhand, Sureeporn Thanasilp, and Kathy Magilvy. Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, RN, Msc, Jintana Yunibhand, RN, Msc, PhD, and Sureeporn Thanasilp, RN, Msc, DNS are members of the Faculty of Nursing in Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand while Kathy Magilvy, RN, PhD, FAAN is a professor of the College of Nursing of the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA. With all these academic certificates and makings, the research workers can be considered believable personalities in their several Fieldss of fortes. The research was made by well-thought-of professors and registered nurses. All of them have maestro ‘s grade while Tangkawanich is the lone one without a doctorial grade. The article uses an declarative or descriptive abstract to supply a brief sum-up of the chief points of the research ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . Since the research surveies a societal occurrence in a quantitative attack, the research workers used this sort of abstract as it describes what transpired during the full research procedure. The abstract references the condensed signifier of the research purpose, which is to happen out the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, self-care schemes and health-related quality of life. The methodological analysis used in carry oning the research is mentioned although some information was excluded as they were discussed in item in the succeeding parts of the research. Four different questionnaires were used to roll up informations from the 422 respondents chosen for the survey. Using the Likert evaluation graduated table, the informations were analyzed and were so subjected to statist ical intervention with SPSS and LISREL. The abstract besides reports the major findings ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) which show that symptom experience has a important negative consequence on the HRQOL while the other staying variables had a important positive consequence. Additionally, societal support and antiretroviral intervention were besides found to hold an indirect consequence on HRQOL via self-care schemes. Last, the abstract of the survey suggests a recommendation for the health-care squad, together with the household and community, to advance societal support and guarantee antiretroviral intervention to heighten the quality of life in people populating with HIV/ AIDS sing the research findings. It besides illustrates the survey ‘s significance to clinical pattern. The research job is clearly presented in the debut of the article as it explains the principle behind the behavior of this survey ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2007 ) . The purpose in this survey is to look into the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, self-care schemes and the HRQOL in people populating with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand. It examines whether or non relationships between these factors exist, what sort of relationships exists if there are any and how does it implicate the people with the infection and the likely intercessions to be taken by wellness attention squad every bit good. The debut was besides able to give a state of affairs about how people with HIV/AIDS in the involved survey puting live their lives. It gave a brief treatment about HIV/AIDS which significantly provides a good jump-start in explicating the entireness of the research. The debut states the scarceness in research stuff that focal point on the relationships among the variables identified, HRQOL and PLWHA, set uping the demand for the survey to be conducted. Although the debut was able to discourse the major points and variables in the survey, it did non include the restrictions. Additionally, the debut besides did non explicate the chief subject from a bigger international range to a narrow and more specific degree ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . In amount, the debut was able to set up a clear logic, an analysis of old plants, background information and the chief intent of the research ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2003 ) . The broad literature reappraisal used in the research was able to give a good background about the major points in the survey. However, many other stuffs still could hold been used to further beef up the survey ‘s literature reappraisal. It is notable that the survey is supported by up to day of the month information which makes it more timely and relevant. The literature reappraisal utilized articles from many other research workers whose research end products have greatly provided helpful informations to the survey. The description of the present life conditions of the respondents ( Sukati et al. , 2005 ) , the self-care schemes that they use ( Panuwatsuk, 1998 ) , the symptoms and their correlativity to HRQOL ( Dodd et al. 2001 ) , the current antiretroviral intervention ( Heckman 2003 ) , all these and others, were taken from researches conducted from twelvemonth 2000 through 2007. The literature is able to show in text the theoretical construction from which the survey was anchored. With the sum of referenced articles presented in the literature, the balanced rating of back uping and opposing stuffs for the proposition is demonstrated. Since merely few researches surveies were made sing the indirect consequence of the many factors identified on the HRQOL in PLWHA, the necessity to develop a theoretical account that could show the direct and indirect effects of the forecasters on the HRQOL in PLWHA has clearly risen as stated in the literature reappraisal. Furthermore, of import mentions were acknowledged consequently to further reenforce the soundness of the survey. Notwithstanding, it may hold given an extended overview on the survey, but still it was non able to show a few important points. Although the literature illustrated a comprehensive background on the survey and the variables involved, it did non overtly cite the cardinal theoretical model. The survey is a quantitative research which tries to explicate a societal phenomenon. This connotes that no change of the environment was made and the respondents were non subjected to any signifier of controlled scene, therefore, variables involved are limited. Since this is a quantitative research, it must hold a sound hypothesis which will function as its anchor. But it is non stated alternatively, an implied hypothesis was used to see whether or non relationships exist among the forecasters: age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, self-care schemes and symptom experience on wellness -related quality of life in people populating with HIV/AIDS. This is an illustration of a non-directional hypothesis ( Wood & A ; Haber, 2006 ) , where the hypothesis being tested is reversible but can be tested by geting informations and subjecting them to statistical analysis. The research workers used words that are largely clear and apprehensible. They did non utilize excessively many slangs in the he-man. Abbreviations like HRQOL, PLWHA and HIV/AIDS are besides clearly defined to avoid confusion. Footings besides have consistent and consistent definitions throughout the survey, particularly those operationally defined for this research ( Walonick, 2005 ) . The survey uses a cross-sectional quantitative survey with a non-experimental research design in placing the respondents ‘ degree of HRQOL in relation to their age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, and self-care schemes. It means that an experimental survey utilizing a aggregation of informations on one juncture was made with a specific group of population all at the same clip ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2003 ) . It is the appropriate method to be used as it gives a snapshot of what happens in a chosen mark group or a phenomenon at one point in clip ( Babbie, 2010 ) . It is besides fit for this research as it is normally used in societal and medical scientific discipline. However, it besides has its failing or restriction since it merely captures the information at one specific clip as opposed to longitudinal surveies which involve a series of measurings taken over a period of clip ( Babbie, 2010 ) . Bing a non-experimental research, no use of the va riables was done and there was no effort made to alter the status, behavior or the environment of the variables as they are measured and analysed as they are. The respondents were merely made to reply questionnaires that will reflect their ain personal experience and at the same clip supply informations for the research worker ‘s perusing. The topics chosen for the survey are 422 people populating with HIV/AIDS who visited eight chosen outpatient infirmaries in the state of Chiang Rai in the northern portion of Thailand. Of which, 188 are males and 234 are females, with ages runing from 21 to 51 old ages old. The figure of respondents may non be sufficient to wholly stand for the mark population in the research puting but in many fortunes, a smaller sample size may be more important and useable in look intoing a state of affairs in deepness from different positions, while a big sample would be undistinguished particularly in societal researches ( Myers, 2000 ) . The research workers employed the lottery method without replacing in indiscriminately choosing eight infirmaries out of the 17 infirmaries in the northern state of Chiang Rai, Thailand. A random sampling method was so made to find the 422 topics who will be portion of the survey. They are people populating with HIV/ AIDS who visited the eight chosen outpatient infirmaries. The usage of lottery method in concurrence with simple random trying makes the choice of respondents more effectual and valid as it ignores repeat choices of component and gives more precise calculators ( Kalton, 1983 ) . Clearly, the attack used in sample choice and the sample size are doubtless stated. The research workers were able to methodically discourse the process undertaken in informations aggregation. They used four questionnaires to garner informations from the participants: societal support questionnaires, symptom experience questionnaire, self-care schemes questionnaire and health-related quality of life questionnaires. Each of these questionnaires has been carefully chosen and drafted for the survey. The three questionnaires for societal support, self-care schemes and health-related quality were all adapted from old research while the questionnaire for symptom experience was drafted establishing on the reappraisal of literature. The cogency and dependability of the questionnaires were greatly anchored on the internal consistences used for each questionnaire. The questionnaires are meticulously reviewed by the research worker to guarantee its ability to mensurate what it intends to mensurate ( Foddy, 1993 ) . However, no reference about pilot testing was made and this ma y be considered one of the survey ‘s failings. Creswell ( 2003 ) stated that ethical issues arise most normally in informations aggregation where confidentiality and namelessness are in careful examination. These concerns are recognised and acted upon by the research workers by guaranting respondents were given due protection and their safety is non abridged. The research workers acquired the blessing of the Ethical Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects and/or Use of Animals in Research, Health Science Group of Faculties, Colleges and Institutes, Chulalongkorn University, and the Ethical Review Committee for the Biomedical Group, Chiangraiprachanukroh Hospital, Thailand. With human topics involved in the survey, such blessing was obtained. The intent and methods of the survey were explained to the participants through the informed consent which acknowledges the participants ‘ rights are protected ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The consequences of the survey were presented clearly in graphical signifier and text. The consequences of the statistical intervention of the informations were explained in four concise yet extremely enlightening paragraphs while the demographics of the topics were presented in a more ocular and apprehensible tabular array ( Kumar, 2005 ) . The internal consistences of the informations, utilizing the Cronbach ‘s alpha were besides presented accurately, for societal support 0.8, for symptom experience which was clustered into six symptoms, weariness 0.88, nausea 0.92, diarrhea 0.93, depression 0.92, neuropathy 0.93 and anxiousness 0.92 ; for self-care schemes 0.77 and eventually for HRQOL 0.85. Given all these figures, readers are assured that the consequences are good calculated and analysed to guarantee that high degree of cogency and dependability is achieved. Four different and highly-structured questionnaires ( Overseas Learning Faculty 2004 ) were used in roll uping informations. The usage of questionnaires is the appropriate technique in obtaining informations for cross-sectional designed research or societal studies as it acquires first-hand information from the topics without change or use of their responses ( Bryman & A ; Bell, 2003 ) . On the other manus, SPSS and LISREL, statistical computing machine plans that perform higher computations and structural equation, were used for statistical analysis. Statistical interventions done with the said statistical tool are considered extremely right ( Norse School of Management, 2009 ) . The consequences of the information analysis show that path relationships between the variables were investigated to guarantee that important differences are non attributed to fluctuations in other relevant variables. It can besides be noted that the information analysis adequately showed the complete infor mation with the trial value, grade of freedom and chance for each identified variable, thereby giving more constituted consequences. The treatment of the research findings ties together all the pieces of the survey and gives a image of the survey as a whole. It relates and translates the figures to literature reappraisal therefore doing it more comprehendible and balanced ( Russel, 2002 ) . The research workers were able to travel back to literature and discourse that most of their research findings are consistent and similar with the plants antecedently done by other research workers on HRQOL in PLWHA. It besides tackled the deductions of the topics ‘ socio-economic position, gender, age, societal support, antiretroviral intervention, and symptom experience and self-care schemes to their health-related quality of life. The restriction of the survey was besides acknowledged where the usage of cross-sectional theoretical account was perceived to be the theoretical account ‘s failing since it merely gives a snapshot of the existent discernible fact at one point in clip ( Wood & A ; Haber, 2006 ) . Theref ore, it was suggested that future surveies should be conducted to further set up the causal relationships between the variables longitudinally over a longer period of clip to get enduring and more dependable research consequences. The decision coheres with and is supported by the consequences obtained. The research workers conclude that a causal theoretical account of HRQOL in PLWHA indicate that most factors have direct and indirect effects on the HRQOL. Consequently, age, societal support, antiretroviral intervention, symptom experience, and self-care schemes are considered to be important factors in explicating and foretelling the HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. Furthermore, self-care schemes link societal support and antiretroviral intervention with HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. The research workers besides presented the deductions of the survey which are really instrumental in the survey ‘s concluding recommendations. With the findings and decisions at manus, the research workers strongly recommend executable propositions to assist people populating with HIV/AIDS achieve a higher quality of life as they hurdle challenges of huge proportions, including HIV-stigma, deficiency of societal support, and mental wellness issues such as depression ( Jiraphongsa et al. , 2009 ) . The research workers gave motive on the publicity of societal support from the household and the community as it was found to be positively correlated with a better quality of life ( Fogel, 1998 ) . Observation to antiretroviral intervention, early symptom sensing and prompt intercession and pattern of self-care schemes must besides be ensured to accomplish a higher quality of life. The research workers besides pointed out the demand to carry on future research on this subject to get the better of the restrictions they met in carry oning this academic work for stronger and more dependable consequences. ( 2,770 words )